    E D I C T
    =========

    Copyright (C) 1994,1995,1996,1997 James William Breen

    Freeware Japanese/English Dictionary file, coordinated by Jim Breen.

    CURRENT VERSION
    ---------------

    The version date and sequence number is included in the dictionary itself
    under the entry "EDICT". (Actually it is under the JIS-ASCII code
    "????".
    This keeps it as the first entry when it is sorted.)

    The master copy of EDICT is in the pub/nihongo directory of
    ftp.cc.monash.edu.au. There are other copies around, but they may not be
    as up-to-date. The easy way to check if the version you have is the latest
    is
    from the size/date.

    As of V96-001, the EDICT file no longer contains proper names. These have
    been moved to a separate file called "ENAMDICT".

    INTRODUCTION
    ------------

    The EDICT file is the outcome of a voluntary project to produce a freely
    available Japanese/English Dictionary in machine-readable form. While it
    was intended initially for use with software such as JDIC and JREADER, it
    has come to be used in a large number of packages.

    The EDICT file is copyright, and is distributed in accordance with the EDICT
    Licence Statement included at Appendix A.

    FORMAT
    ------

    EDICT's format is that of the original "EDICT" format used by MOKE.
    It uses
    EUC coding for kana and kanji, however this can be converted to JIS or SJIS
    by any of the several conversion programs around. It is a text file with one
    entry per line. The format of entries is:

    KANJI [KANA] /English_1/English_2/.../

    or

    KANA /English_1/.../

    (NB: Only the KANJI and KANA are in EUC; all the other characters, including
    spaces, must be ASCII.)

    The English translations are deliberately brief, as the application of the
    dictionary is expected to be primarily on-line look-ups, etc.

    The EDICT file is not intended to have its entries in any particular order.
    In fact it almost always is in order as a by-product of the update method I
    use, however there is no guarantee of this. (The order is almost always JIS
    + alphabetical, starting with the headword.)

    CONTENTS
    --------

    EDICT consists of:

    (a) the basic EDICT distributed with MOKE 2.0. This was compiled by MOKE's
    author, Mark Edwards, with assistance from Spencer Green. Mark has very
    kindly released this material to the EDICT project. A number of corrections
    were made to the MOKE original, e.g. spelling mistakes, minor
    mistranslations, etc. It also had a lot of duplications, which have been
    removed. It contained about 1900 unique entries. Mark Edwards has also
    kindly given permission for the vocabulary files developed for KG (Kanji
    Guess) to be added to EDICT.

    (b) additions by Jim Breen. I laboriously keyed in a ~2000 entry dictionary
    used in my first year nihongo course at Swinburne Institute of Technology
    years ago (I was given permission by the authors to do this). I then worked
    through other vocabulary lists trying to make sure major entries were not
    omitted. The English-to-kana entries in the SKK files were added also. This
    task is continuing, although it has slowed down, and I suspect I will run
    out
    of energy eventually. Apart from that, I have made a large number of
    additions during normal reading of Japanese text and fj.* news using JREADER
    and XJDIC.

    (c) additions by others. Many people have contributed entries and
    corrections to EDICT. I am forever on the lookout for sources of material,
    provided it is genuinely available for use in the Project. I am
    grateful to Theresa Martin who an early supplier a lot of useful material,
    plus very perceptive corrections. Hidekazu Tozaki has also been a great help
    with tidying up a lot of awry entries, and helping me identify obscure kanji
    compounds. Kurt Stueber has been an assiduous keyer of many useful entries.
    A large group of contributions came from Sony, where Rik Smoody had put
    together a large online dictionary. Another batch came from the
    Japanese-German JDDICT file in similar format that Helmut Goldenstein keyed
    (with permission) from the Langenscheidt edited by Hadamitzky. Harold Rowe
    was great help with much of the translation. During 1994, Dr Yo Tomita, then
    at the University of Leeds, conducted a massive proof-reading of the entire
    file, for which I am most grateful. Jeffrey Friedl at Omron in Kyoto has
    also
    been a most helpful contributor and error-detector. During 1995, I have been
    keeping an eye on the "honyaku" mailing list, wherein
    Japanese-English
    translators discuss thorny issues. From this I have derived many new entries,
    and many updates to existing entries. To the many honyakujin, my thanks.

    A reasonably full list of contributors is at the back of this file,
    although I am sure to have missed a few.

    At this stage EDICT has more entries than many good commercial dictionaries,
    which typically have 20,000+ non-name entries with examples, etc. It is
    certainly bigger than some of the smaller printed dictionaries, and when
    used
    in conjunction with a search-and-display program like JDIC or XJDIC it
    provides a highly effective on-line dictionary service.

    COPYRIGHT
    ---------

    Dictionary copyright is a difficult point, because clearly the first
    lexicographer who published "inu means dog" could not claim a
    copyright
    violation over all subsequent Japanese dictionaries. While it is usual to
    consult other dictionaries for "accurate lexicographic information",
    as
    Nelson put it, wholesale copying is, of course, not permissable. What makes
    each dictionary unique (and copyrightable) is the particular selection of
    words, the phrasing of the meanings, the presentation of the contents (a
    very
    important point in the case of EDICT), and the means of publication. Of
    course, the fact that for the most part the kanji and kana of each entry are
    coming from public sources, and the structure and layout of the entries
    themselves are quite unlike those in any published dictionary, adds a degree
    of protection to EDICT.

    The advice I have received from people who know about these things is that
    EDICT is just as much a new dictionary as any others on the market. Readers
    may see an entry which looks familiar, and say "Aha! That comes from
    the XYZ
    Jiten!". They may be right, and they may be wrong. After all there
    aren't
    too many translations of neko. Let me make one thing quite clear, despite
    considerable temptation (Electronic Books can be easily decoded), NONE of
    this dictionary came from commercial machine-readable dictionaries. I have a
    case of RSI in my right elbow to prove it.

    Please do not contribute entries to EDICT which have come directly from
    copyrightable sources. It is hard to check these, and you may be
    jeopardizing EDICT's status.

    LEXICOGRAPHICAL DETAILS
    -----------------------

    EDICT is actually a Japanese->English dictionary, although the words
    within
    it can be selected in either language using appropriate software. (JDIC uses
    it to provide both E->J and J->E functionality.)

    The early stages of EDICT had size limitations due to its usage (MOKE scans
    it sequentially and JDXGEN, which is JDIC's index generator, held it in
    RAM.)
    This meant that examples of usage could not be included, and inclusion of
    phrases was very limited. JDIC/JDXGEN can now handle a much larger
    dictionary, but the compact format has continued.

    No inflections of verbs or adjectives have been included, except in
    idiomatic
    expressions. Similarly particles are handled as separate entries. Adverbs
    formed from adjectives (-ku or ni) are generally not included. Verbs are, of
    course, in the plain or "dictionary" form.

    In working on EDICT, bearing in mind I want to use it in MOKE and with JDIC,
    I have had to come up with a solution to the problem of adjectival nouns
    [keiyoudoushi] (e.g. kirei and kantan), nouns which can be used adjectivally
    with the particle "no" and verbs formed by adding suru (e.g.
    benkyousuru).
    If I put entries in edict with the "na" and "suru"
    included, MOKE will not
    find a match when they are omitted or, the case of suru, inflected. What I
    have decided to do is to put the basic noun into the dictionary and add
    "(vs)" where it can be used to form a verb with suru, "(a-no)"
    for common
    "no" usage, and "(an)" if it is an adjectival noun.
    Entries appear as:

    KANJI [benkyou] /study (vs)/
    KANJI [kantan] /simple (an)/

    Where necessary, verbs are marked with "(vi)" or "(vt)"
    according to whether
    they are intransitive or transitive. (Work on this aspect is continuing.) I
    have also used (id) to mark idiomatic expressions, (col) for colloquialisms,
    (pol) for teineigo, etc.

    The (current) full list of such entry markers is:

    abbr abbreviation
    adj adjective
    adv adverb
    an adjectival nouns or quasi-adjectives (keiyodoshi)
    a-no nouns which may take the genitive case particle "no"
    arch archaism
    aux auxiliary
    aux v auxiliary verb
    col colloquialism
    fam familiar language
    fem female term or language
    gikun gikun (meaning) reading
    gram grammatical
    hon honorific or respectful (sonkeigo) language
    hum humble (kenjougo) language
    I Type I (godan) verb (currently only added to verbs
    where the type is not implicit)
    IV Type IV (irregular) verb, such as "gozaru".
    id idiomatic expression
    iK word containing irregular kanji usage
    ik word containing irregular kana usage
    io irregular okurigana usage
    MA martial arts term
    male male term or language
    m-sl manga slang
    neg negative
    neg v negative verb
    obs obsolete term
    obsc obscure term
    oK word containing out-dated kanji
    ok out-dated or obsolete kana usage
    pol polite (teineigo) language
    pref prefix
    qv quod vide (this entry expanded in the EDICTEXT file)
    sl slang
    suf suffix
    uK word usually written using kanji alone
    uk word usually written using kana alone
    vi intransitive verb
    vs noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru
    vt transitive verb
    vulg vulgar expression or word
    X rude or X-rated term (not displayed in educational software)

    I have endeavoured to cater for many possible variants of English
    translation
    and spelling. Where appropriate different translations are included for
    national variants (e.g. autumn/fall). I use Oxford (British) standard
    spelling (-our, -ize) for the entries I make, but I leave other entries in
    the national spelling of the submitter.

    For gairaigo which have not been derived from English words, I have
    attempted
    to indicate the source language and the word in that language. Languages
    have
    been coded in the two-letter codes from the ISO 639:1988 "Code for the
    representation of names of languages" standard, e.g. "(fr:
    avec)". See
    Appendix C for more on this. (Thanks to Holger Gruber for suggesting this
    language coding.)

    In addition to the language codes described in Appendix C, a number of tags
    are used to indicate that a word or phrase is associated with a particular
    regional language variant within Japan. The tags are:

    kyb Kyoto-ben
    osb Osaka-ben
    ksb Kansai-ben
    ktb Kantou-ben
    tsb Tosa-ben

    In the case of gairaigo which have a meaning which is not apparent from the
    original (English) words, the literal transcription is included, with
    the tag (lit).

    USAGE
    -----

    EDICT can be used, with acknowledgement, for any purpose whatever, EXCEPT
    for
    incorporation in commercial products. It cannot be sold, except at a nominal
    charge for the distribution medium. Consult the EDICT Licence Statement at
    Appendix A.

    It is, of course, the main dictionary used by PD and GPL Copyright software
    such as JDIC, JREADER, XJDIC, MacJDic, etc. It can be used as the
    dictionary within MOKE (it may need to be renamed JTOE.DCT if used with
    version 2.1 of MOKE), and it is also used by the NJSTAR and JWP Word
    Processor packages.

    With regard to commercial products, if the developer of such a product
    wishes
    to make use of EDICT, an acceptable approach is to provide for users to
    obtain a copy of the EDICT file themselves and access it via the product,
    either with or without a provided utility program. It must not be
    "locked up"
    through a formatting or indexing system. These simple precautions avoid
    violation of the provisions of EDICT's Licence Statement.

    CONTRIBUTIONS
    -------------

    I will be delighted if people send me corrections, suggestions, and
    ESPECIALLY
    additions. Before ripping in with a lot of suggestions, make sure you have
    the
    latest version, as others may have already made the same comments.

    The preferred format for submissions is a JIS, EUC or Shift-JIS file
    (uuencoded
    for safety) containing replacement/new entries. This can be emailed to me at
    the address at the end of this file.

    Amendments to EDICT are carried out using a "perl" program kindly
    provided by
    Jeffrey Friedl. This program carries out additions, deletions and
    replacements,
    as well as checking the formats of the entries. I would greatly assist if
    all
    contributions to EDICT follow the format set in that program. The format
    consists of entries prepended by a letter to indicate the action to be
    carried
    out: A for addition, D for deletion, and E/C for a replacement pair.
    Alternatively, the prepended codes can be "NEW: ", "DEL:
    " and
    "old: /new: " respectively.

    Examples:

    AKANJI1 [kana1] /new entry #1/

    AKANJI2 [kana2] /new entry #2/

    Akana3 /new entry #3/

    EKANJI4 [kana4] /old entry to be replaced/
    CKANJI4 [kana4] /replacement entry/

    DKANJI5 [kana5] /entry to be deleted/

    or

    NEW: KANJI1 [kana1] /new entry #1/

    NEW: KANJI2 [kana2] /new entry #2/

    old: KANJI3 [kana3] /old entry to be replaced/
    new: KANJI3 [kana3] /replacement entry/

    DEL: KANJI4 [kana4] /entry to be deleted/

    Please provide an annotated reason for any deletions or amendments you send.

    The order of entries in the submission file is immaterial, however the E/C
    or
    pairs of lines must be in order.

    I prefer not to get a "diff" or "patch" file as the
    master EDICT is under
    continuous revision, and may have had quite a few changes since you got your
    copy.

    Users intending to make submissions to EDICT should follow the following
    simple rules:

    o all verbs in plain form. The English must begin with "to ....".
    Add (vi)
    or (vt) to the first translation if the nature of the verb is not implicit
    in the translation(s);

    o add (an) or (a-no) or (vs) as appropriate to nouns. Do not put the
    "na" or
    "no" particles on the Japanese, or the "suru" auxiliary
    verb. For entries
    which have (vs), do not enter them as verb infinitives (e.g. "to
    cook"),
    instead enter them as gerunds/participles/whatever (e.g. cooking (vs)).

    o indicate prefixes and suffixes by "(pref)" and "(suf)"
    in the first English
    entry, not by using "-" in the kanji or kana.

    o do not add definite or indefinite articles (e.g. "a",
    "an", "the", etc) to
    English nouns unless they are necessary to distinguish the word from
    another usage type or homonym.

    o do not guess the kanji. One of the most persistent problems in editing
    EDICT is finding and eliminating incorrect kanji.

    o do not use the "/", "[" or "]" characters
    except in their separating roles.

    o if you are using a reference in romaji form, make sure you have the
    correct
    kana for "too/tou" and "zu", where the Hepburn romaji is
    often ambiguous.

    o do not use kana or kanji in the "English" fields. Where it is
    necessary to
    use a Japanese word, e.g. kanto, use Hepburn romaji.

    o make sure your kana is correct. A persistent problem is the submission of
    words like "honyaku" as ho+nya+ku instead of the correct
    ho+n+ya+ku.

    o do not include words formed by common Japanese suffixes, such as
    "-teki",
    unless they cannot be deduced from the root.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
    ----------------

    The following people, in roughly chronological order, have played a part in
    the development of EDICT.

    Mark Edwards, Spencer Green, Alina Skoutarides, Takako Machida, Theresa
    Martin, Satoshi Tadokoro, Stephen Chung, Hidekazu Tozaki, Clifford Olling,
    David Cooper, Ken Lunde, Joel Schulman, Hiroto Kagotani, Truett Smith, Mike
    Rosenlof, Harold Rowe, Al Harkom, Per Hammarlund, Atsushi Fukumoto, John
    Crossley, Bob Kerns, Frank O'Carroll, Rik Smoody, Scott Trent, Curtis
    Eubanks, Jamie Packer, Hitoshi Doi, Thalawyn Silverwood, Makato Shimojima,
    Bart Mathias, Koichi Mori, Steven Sprouse, Jeffrey Friedl, Yazuru Hiraga,
    Kurt
    Stueber, Rafael Santos, Bruce Casner, Masato Toho, Carolyn Norton, Simon
    Clippingdale, Shiino Masayoshi, Susumu Miki, Yushi Kaneda, Masahiko
    Tachibana, Naoki Shibata, Yuzuru Hiraga, Yasuaki Nakano, Atsu Yagasaki,
    Hitoshi Oi, Chizuko Kanazawa, Lars Huttar, Jonathan Hanna, Yoshimasa Tsuji,
    Masatsugu Mamimura, Keiichi Nakata, Masako Nomura, Hiroshi Kamabe, Shi-Wen
    Peng, Norihiro Okada, Jun-ichi Nakamura, Yoshiyuki Mizuno, Minoru Terada,
    Itaru Ichikawa, Toru Matsuda, Katsumi Inoue, John Finlayson, David Luke,
    Iain
    Sinclair, Warwick Hockley, Jamii Corley, Howard Landman, Tom Bryce, Jim
    Thomas, Paul Burchard, Kenji Saito, Ken Eto, Niibe Yutaka, Hideyuki Ozaki,
    Kouichi Suzuki, Sakaguchi Takeyuki, Haruo Furuhashi, Takashi Hattori,
    Yoshiyuki Kondo, Kusakabe Youichi, Nobuo Sakiyama, Kouhei Matsuda, Toru
    Sato,
    Takayuki Ito, Masayuki Tokoshima, Kiyo Inaba, Dan Cohn, Yo Tomita, Ed Hall,
    Takashi Imamura, Bernard Greenberg, Michael Raine, Akiko Nagase, Ben
    Bullock,
    Scott Draves, Matthew Haines, Andy Howells, Takayuki Ito, Anders Brabaek,
    Michael Chachich, Masaki Muranaka, Paul Randolph, Vesa Karhu, Bruce Bailey,
    Gal Shalif, Riichiro Saito, Keith Rogers, Steve Petersen, Bill Smith, Barry
    Byrne, Satoshi Kuramoto, Jason Molenda, Travis Stewart, Yuichiro Kushiro
    Keiko Okushi, Wayne Lammers, Koichi Fujino, Joerg Fischer, Satoru Miyazaki,
    Gaspard Gendreau, David Olson, Peter Evans, Steven Zaveloff, Larry Tyrrell,
    Heinz Clemencon, Justin Mayer, David Jones, Holger Gruber, David Wilson,
    John De Hoog, Stephen Davis, Dan Crevier, Ron Granich, Bruce Raup, Scott
    Childress, Richard Warmington, Jean-Jacques Labarthe, Matt Bloedel, Szabolcs
    Varga, Alan Bram, Hidetaka Koie, David Villareale, Hirokazu Ohata, Toshiki
    Sasabe, William Maton, Tom Salmon, Kian Yap, Paul Denisowski, Glen Pankow,
    Richard Northcott, Roger Meunier, Petteri Kettunen, Jeff Korpa, Kanji
    Haitani, Liam O'Brien, Serdar Yegulalp, Jonathan Way, Gururaj Rao.

    Jim Breen
    (jwb@dgs.monash.edu.au)
    Department of Digital Systems
    Monash University
    Clayton 3168
    AUSTRALIA

    APPENDIX A: EDICT LICENCE STATEMENT
    ===================================

    Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 James William Breen

    This licence statement and copyright notice applies to the EDICT
    Japanese/English Dictionary file, the associated documentation file
    EDICT.DOC, and any data files which are derived from them.

    COPYING AND DISTRIBUTION

    Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of these files
    provided this copyright notice and permission notice is distributed with all
    copies. Any distribution of the files must take place without a financial
    return, except a charge to cover the cost of the distribution medium.

    Permission is granted to make and distribute extracts or subsets of the
    EDICT
    file under the same conditions applying to verbatim copies.

    Permission is granted to translate the English elements of the EDICT file
    into other languages, and to make and distribute copies of those
    translations
    under the same conditions applying to verbatim copies.

    USAGE

    These files may be freely used by individuals, and may be accessed by
    software belonging to, or operated by, such individuals.

    The files, extracts from the files, and translations of the files must not
    be
    sold as part of any commercial software package, nor must they be
    incorporated in any published dictionary or other printed document without
    the specific permission of the copyright holder.

    COPYRIGHT

    Copyright over the documents covered by this statement is held by James
    William BREEN.

    APPENDIX B: WNN PROJECT COPYRIGHT NOTICE
    ----------------------------------------

    As some of the material in edict has been derived from entries in the
    dictionaries of the "Wnn" project, it is appropriate to draw
    attention
    to the copyright statement of that project.

    /*
    * Copyright Kyoto University Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences
    * 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
    * Copyright OMRON Corporation. 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
    * Copyright ASTEC, Inc. 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
    *
    * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software
    * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
    * provided that all of the following conditions are satisfied:
    *
    * 1) The above copyright notices appear in all copies
    * 2) Both those copyright notices and this permission notice appear
    * in supporting documentation
    * 3) The name of "Wnn" isn't changed unless substantial
    modifications
    * are made, or
    * 3') Following words followed by the above copyright notices appear
    * in all supporting documentation of software based on "Wnn":
    *
    * "This software is based on the original version of Wnn developed by
    * Kyoto University Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences (KURIMS),
    * OMRON Corporation and ASTEC Inc."
    *
    * 4) The names KURIMS, OMRON and ASTEC not be used in advertising or
    * publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without
    * specific, written prior permission
    *
    * KURIMS, OMRON and ASTEC make no representations about the suitability
    * of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without
    * express or implied warranty.
    *
    * Wnn consortium is one of distributors of the official Wnn source code
    * release. Wnn consortium also makes no representations about the
    * suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as
    is"
    * without express or implied warranty.
    *
    * KURIMS, OMRON, ASTEC AND WNN CONSORTIUM DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH
    * REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
    * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL KURIMS, OMRON, ASTEC OR
    * WNN CONSORTIUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
    * DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
    * PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
    * TORTUOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
    * PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
    *
    */

    APPENDIX C. LANGUAGE CODES FROM ISO 639
    ---------------------------------------

    The following language codes have been used with non-English derived
    gairaigo. They have been derived from the ISO 639:1988 "Code for the
    representation of names of languages" standard.

    ar Arabic
    zh Chinese (Zhongwen)
    de German (Deutsch)
    en English
    fr French
    el Greek (Ellinika)
    iw Hebrew (Iwrith)
    ja Japanese
    ko Korean
    nl Dutch (Nederlands)
    no Norwegian
    pl Polish
    ru Russian
    sv Swedish
    bo Tibetan (Bodskad)
    es Spanish
    in Indonesian
    it Italian
    lt Latin
    pt Portugese
    hi Hindi
    ur Urdu
    mn Mongolian
    kl Inuit (formerly Eskimo)

    And I have added the following, which are not in the Standard:

    ai Ainu
    ep Esperanto

    =====================================================================
    EDICT_R
    -------

    The EDICT_R file consists of the
    entries from the V97-002 edition of
    the EDICT file. These entries have had
    all fields containing kanji removed,
    and all the readings have been
    converted to Hepburn romaji. Note that
    the romaji is in fact "wa-puro-"
    romaji, i.e. it differs slightly from
    the usual Hepburn form as follows:

    - long vowels in gairaigo are
    represented with a "-".

    - long vowels in Japanese words are
    written with the usual Japanese
    vowel, which is usually a "u", and
    sometimes "o" or "i". Thus Tokyo
    appears as Toukyou, Kyoto as Kyouto,
    Osaka as Oosaka, etc. (Normal
    Hepburn either doubles the vowel, or
    uses a macron over the vowel.)

    - the voiced "tsu" syllable is written
    "dzu", not "zu". Similarly the
    voiced "chi" is written "dji". This
    is to distinguish them from the
    voiced "su" and "shi" syllables,
    which are written as "zu" and "ji".

    Other romanized files may be made
    available later.

    Jim Breen
    jwb@dgs.monash.edu.au
    20 April 1997.
    9 May 1997